摘要 :
Sensor network MAC protocols are typically configured for an intended deployment scenario once and for all at compile time. This approach, however, leads to suboptimal performance if the network conditions deviate from the expecta...
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Sensor network MAC protocols are typically configured for an intended deployment scenario once and for all at compile time. This approach, however, leads to suboptimal performance if the network conditions deviate from the expectations. We present ZeroCal, a distributed algorithm that allows nodes to dynamically adapt to variations in traffic volume. Using ZeroCal, each node autonomously configures its MAC protocol at runtime, thereby trying to reduce the maximum energy consumption among all nodes. While the algorithm is readily usable for any asynchronous low-power listening or low-power probing protocol, we validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of ZeroCal on X-MAC. Extensive testbed experiments and simulations indicate that ZeroCal quickly adapts to traffic variations. We further show that ZeroCal extends network lifetime by 50% compared to an optimal configuration with identical and static MAC parameters at all nodes.
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摘要 :
Sensor network MAC protocols are typically configured for an intended deployment scenario once and for all at compile time. This approach, however, leads to suboptimal performance if the network conditions deviate from the expecta...
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Sensor network MAC protocols are typically configured for an intended deployment scenario once and for all at compile time. This approach, however, leads to suboptimal performance if the network conditions deviate from the expectations, We present ZeroCal, a distributed algorithm that allows nodes to dynamically adapt to variations in traffic volume. Using ZeroCal, each node autonomously configures its MAC protocol at runtime, thereby trying to reduce the maximum energy consumption among all nodes. While the algorithm is readily usable for any asynchronous low-power listening or low-power probing protocol, we validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of ZeroCal on X-MAC. Extensive testbed experiments and simulations indicate that ZeroCal quickly adapts to traffic variations. We further show that ZeroCal extends network lifetime by 50% compared to an optimal configuration with identical and static MAC parameters at all nodes.
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摘要 :
Careful energy management is a prerequisite for long-term, unattended operation of solar-harvesting sensing systems. We observe that in many applications the utility of sensed data varies over time, but current energy-management a...
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Careful energy management is a prerequisite for long-term, unattended operation of solar-harvesting sensing systems. We observe that in many applications the utility of sensed data varies over time, but current energy-management algorithms do not exploit prior knowledge of these variations for making better decisions. This paper presents PREAcT, the first energy-management algorithm that exploits time-varying utility to optimize application performance. PREAcT'S design combines strategic long-term planning of future energy utilization with feedback control to compensate for deviations from the expected conditions. We implement Pre-act on a low-power microcontroller and compare it against the state of the art on multiple years of real-world data. Our results demonstrate that PREAcT is up to 53 % more effective in utilizing harvested solar energy and significantly more robust to uncertainties and inefficiencies of practical systems. These gains translate into an improvement of 28 % in the end-to-end performance of a real-world application we investigate when using PREAcT.
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摘要 :
Careful energy management is a prerequisite for long-term, unattended operation of solar-harvesting sensing systems. We observe that in many applications the utility of sensed data varies over time, but current energy-management a...
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Careful energy management is a prerequisite for long-term, unattended operation of solar-harvesting sensing systems. We observe that in many applications the utility of sensed data varies over time, but current energy-management algorithms do not exploit prior knowledge of these variations for making better decisions. This paper presents PREAcT, the first energy-management algorithm that exploits time-varying utility to optimize application performance. PREAcT'S design combines strategic long-term planning of future energy utilization with feedback control to compensate for deviations from the expected conditions. We implement Pre-act on a low-power microcontroller and compare it against the state of the art on multiple years of real-world data. Our results demonstrate that PREAcT is up to 53 % more effective in utilizing harvested solar energy and significantly more robust to uncertainties and inefficiencies of practical systems. These gains translate into an improvement of 28 % in the end-to-end performance of a real-world application we investigate when using PREAcT.
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摘要 :
The ever-growing proliferation of wireless devices and technologies used for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as patient monitoring, military surveillance, and industrial automation and control, has created an increasin...
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The ever-growing proliferation of wireless devices and technologies used for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as patient monitoring, military surveillance, and industrial automation and control, has created an increasing need for methods and tools for connectivity prediction, information flow monitoring, and failure analysis to increase the dependability of the wireless network. Indeed, in a safety-critical Industrial IoT (IIoT) setting, such as a smart factory, harsh signal propagation conditions combined with interference from coexisting radio technologies operating in the same frequency band may lead to poor network performance or even application failures despite precautionary measures. Analyzing and troubleshooting such failures on a large scale is often difficult and time-consuming. In this paper, we share our experience in troubleshooting coexistence problems in operational IIoT networks by reporting on examples that show the possible hurdles in carrying out failure analysis. Our experience motivates the need for a user-friendly, automated failure analysis system, and we outline an architecture of such system that allows to observe multiple communication standards and unknown sources of interference.
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摘要 :
In cyber-physical systems (CPS), the communication among the sensing, actuating, and computing elements is often subject to hard real-time constraints. Real-time communication among wireless network interfaces and real-time schedu...
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In cyber-physical systems (CPS), the communication among the sensing, actuating, and computing elements is often subject to hard real-time constraints. Real-time communication among wireless network interfaces and real-time scheduling for complex, dynamic applications have been intensively studied. Despite these major efforts, there is still a significant gap to fill. In particular, the integration of several real-time components to provide end-to-end real-time guarantees between interfaces of distributed applications in wireless CPS is an unsolved problem. We thus present a distributed protocol that considers the complete transmission chain including peripheral busses, memory accesses, networking interfaces, and the wireless real-time protocol. Our protocol provably guarantees that message buffers along this chain do not overflow and that all messages received at the destination application interface meet their end-to-end deadlines. To achieve this while being adaptive to unpredictable changes in the system and the real-time traffic requirements, our protocol establishes at run-time a set of contracts among all major elements of the transmission chain based on a worst-case delay and buffer analysis of the overall system. Using simulations, we validate that our analytic bounds are both safe and tight.
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摘要 :
In cyber-physical systems (CPS), the communication among the sensing, actuating, and computing elements is often subject to hard real-time constraints. Real-time communication among wireless network interfaces and real-time schedu...
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In cyber-physical systems (CPS), the communication among the sensing, actuating, and computing elements is often subject to hard real-time constraints. Real-time communication among wireless network interfaces and real-time scheduling for complex, dynamic applications have been intensively studied. Despite these major efforts, there is still a significant gap to fill. In particular, the integration of several real-time components to provide end-to-end real-time guarantees between interfaces of distributed applications in wireless CPS is an unsolved problem. We thus present a distributed protocol that considers the complete transmission chain including peripheral busses, memory accesses, networking interfaces, and the wireless real-time protocol. Our protocol provably guarantees that message buffers along this chain do not overflow and that all messages received at the destination application interface meet their end-to-end deadlines. To achieve this while being adaptive to unpredictable changes in the system and the real-time traffic requirements, our protocol establishes at run-time a set of contracts among all major elements of the transmission chain based on a worst-case delay and buffer analysis of the overall system. Using simulations, we validate that our analytic bounds are both safe and tight.
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摘要 :
We present pTunes, a framework for runtime adaptation of low-power MAC protocol parameters. The MAC operating parameters bear great influence on the system performance, yet their optimal choice is a function of the current network...
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We present pTunes, a framework for runtime adaptation of low-power MAC protocol parameters. The MAC operating parameters bear great influence on the system performance, yet their optimal choice is a function of the current network state. Based on application requirements expressed as network lifetime, end-to-end latency, and end-to-end reliability, pTunes automatically determines optimized parameter values to adapt to link, topology, and traffic dynamics. To this end, we introduce a flexible modeling approach, separating protocol-dependent from protocol-independent aspects, which facilitates using pTunes with different MAC protocols, and design an efficient system support that integrates smoothly with the application. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we apply pTunes to X-MAC and LPP. In a 44-node testbed, pTunes achieves up to three-fold lifetime gains over static MAC parameters optimized for peak traffic, the latter being current|and almost unavoidable|practice in real deployments. pTunes promptly reacts to changes in traffic load and link quality, reducing packet loss by 80% during periods of controlled wireless interference. Moreover, pTunes helps the routing protocol recover quickly from critical network changes, reducing packet loss by 70% in a scenario where multiple core routing nodes fail.
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摘要 :
We present pTunes, a framework for runtime adaptation of low-power MAC protocol parameters. The MAC operating parameters bear great; influence on the system performance, yet their optimal choice is a function of the current networ...
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We present pTunes, a framework for runtime adaptation of low-power MAC protocol parameters. The MAC operating parameters bear great; influence on the system performance, yet their optimal choice is a function of the current network state. Based on application requirements expressed as network lifetime, end-to-end latency, and end-to-end reliability. pTunes automatically determines optimized parameter values to adapt to link, topology, and traffic dynamics. To this end, we introduce a flexible modeling approach, separating protocol-dependent from protocol-independent aspects, which facilitates using pTunes with different MAC protocols, and design an efficient system support that integrates smoothly with the application. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we apply pTunes to X-MAC and L-PP. In a 44-node testbed, pTunes achieves up to three-fold lifetime gains over static MAC parameters optimized for peak traffic, the latter being current-and almost unavoidable-practice in real deployments. PTUNES promptly reacts to changes in traffic load and link quality, reducing packet loss by 80 % during periods of controlled wireless interference. Moreover, pTunes helps the routing protocol recover quickly from critical network changes, reducing packet loss by 70% in a scenario where multiple core routing nodes fail.
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摘要 :
We present pTunes, a framework for runtime adaptation of low-power MAC protocol parameters. The MAC operating parameters bear great; influence on the system performance, yet their optimal choice is a function of the current networ...
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We present pTunes, a framework for runtime adaptation of low-power MAC protocol parameters. The MAC operating parameters bear great; influence on the system performance, yet their optimal choice is a function of the current network state. Based on application requirements expressed as network lifetime, end-to-end latency, and end-to-end reliability. pTunes automatically determines optimized parameter values to adapt to link, topology, and traffic dynamics. To this end, we introduce a flexible modeling approach, separating protocol-dependent from protocol-independent aspects, which facilitates using pTunes with different MAC protocols, and design an efficient system support that integrates smoothly with the application. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we apply pTunes to X-MAC and L-PP. In a 44-node testbed, pTunes achieves up to three-fold lifetime gains over static MAC parameters optimized for peak traffic, the latter being current-and almost unavoidable-practice in real deployments. PTUNES promptly reacts to changes in traffic load and link quality, reducing packet loss by 80 % during periods of controlled wireless interference. Moreover, pTunes helps the routing protocol recover quickly from critical network changes, reducing packet loss by 70% in a scenario where multiple core routing nodes fail.
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